"Newton formulated his theories of dynamics based on linear momentum as the fundamental variable of motion, relating the forces acting on the particle to the change in its linear momentum. Vectors were used to characterize the geometry of the particle's motion-that is the position, velocity, and acceleration of the particle. The 18th century mathematician Joseph-Louis Lagrange was an analyst, not a geometer. Lagrange formulated the study of dynamics using general analysis in his masterpiece, Mechanique Analytique, which he started writing as a boy of 19, and which was published when Lagrange was 52. Lagrange based his study on the concepts of work and energy, which are scalar quantities and developed the new mathematics of calculus of variations." p216

ANGULAR IMPULSE
A MEASURE OF THE ROTATION EFFECT OF A TORQUE THAT IS APPLIED TO AN OBJECT FOR A SHORT TIME

ANGULAR MOMENTUM
A MEASURE OF THE ROTATIONAL MOTION THAT AN OBJECT HAS

ENERGY
THE ABILITY TO DO WORK. THE ENERGY OF THE UNIVERSE IS CONSERVED: ITS VALUE STAYS THE SAME OVER TIME.

IMPULSE
THE PRODUCT OF A FORCE AND THE TIME INTERVAL DURING WHICH IT ACTS.

KINETIC
PERTAINING TO MOTION OR MOVEMENT

KINETIC ENERGY
ENERGY OF MOTION

LINEAR
PROPERTY OF SYSTEMS WHERE THE SYSTEM OUTPUT OR RESPONSE IS IN DIRECT PROPORTION TO THE INPUT. DOUBLING THE INPUT (LOAD, FORCE, ENERGY, TENSION,...) HAS THE EFFECT OF DOUBLING THE OUTPUT (STRETCH, COMPRESSION, DISPLACEMENT,...)

LINEAR/ANGULAR IMPULSE
A FORCE/MOMENT THAT ACTS OVER A SHORT TIME TO CAUSE A CHANGE IN TRANSLATION/ROTATION MOTION.

LINEAR/ANGULAR MOMENTUM
THIS IS A PRODUCT OF INERTIA*VELOCITY FOR TRANSLATION/ROTATION MOTION.

MOMENT
A FORCE APPLIED TO AN OBJECT AT SOME DISTANCE FROM THE ROTATION AXIS THAT MAY CAUSE THE OBJECT TO ROTATE. THIS IS THE SAME AS A TORQUE. THE MOMENT IS CALCULATED AS THE PRODUCT OF A FORCE TIMES THE DIRSTANCE OF ITS POINT OF APPLICATION FROM THE AXIS OF ROTATION.