MARS
ACADEMY
http://www.marsacademy.com/med/med1.htm
this site has some good general info on things like:
1) Medical Effects of Spaceflight; 2) Centripetal Acceleration and its
effects; 3) Craft and Tether; 4) Propellant and Spin Up/Down; 5) Links
this is NASA's life sciences data archive
I. the
master catalog
http://lsda.jsc.nasa.gov/nm.stm
1) experiments (search engine): 317 on file
for homo sapiens
2) mission information (search engine): by
mission
3) data sets (search engine):
to note: only 3 species
this time: jellyfish (4 data sets available)
rats (268 data elements available)
homo sapiens ( 15 data elements found; 3 available on-line)
downloaded
the 3 human data sets that were available (3 bar graphs)
tried to do a search for HUMANS
and CV PHYSIOLOGY (get 9 docs, data NA for all)!!
4) documents: shows which documents are available
on-line? downloadable? i did a search
for "scientific results" and that was the only parameter i specified under
types of doc.s. i came
up with 41 entries and downloaded most into the C: vesnaLS folder
on my computer. they are all rat experiments (all from COSMOS?)
and the data includes tables, bar graphs, some slides, etc
II. research
overview
http://lsda.jsc.nasa.gov/research/research_overview.stm
really just a glossary that explains each of the areas in which they've conducted research
III. the
digital image library
http://lsda.jsc.nasa.gov/scripts/ls_script/imglib.idc?
biomedical results from: project mercury & apollo & skylab
lots of neat figures
chapters in each book written in prose/analysis/conclusions
some tables too (as images though)
V. the
session information search
http://lsda.jsc.nasa.gov/scripts/ls_script/sess.idc?
a) lots of different experiments from MIR-18 and SLS
picture of each piece of equipment used (figures
as well as digital images)
descriptions of use too
national
space science data center photo gallery
http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/photo_gallery/photogallery.html
all the planets, then also solar systems, galaxies, hubble images, sun, spacecraft, stars etc
nssdc
lists all its links to other photo galleries: ames, goddard, 40(?)
others
http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/photo_gallery/other_sites.html
tons of sites here
almost like MEDLINE. links in to such search
engines
couldn't quite figure out how to make this one
useful yet
spaceline
http://spaceline.usuhs.mil/
medical
subject headings (trees--how organized--how to search)
flight
mission list (manned or not? short or long?)
recent
scientific publications
http://spaceline.usuhs.mil/CURRENT/cur.html
but this only gives us the journal and where to
find it
this has some fantastic examples of explaining basic
scientific principles and ideas to kids (and adults :)
did not see many examples of graph ideas, but then
again i only read 3/25
ames
research center life sciences division
http://lifesci.arc.nasa.gov/home.html
publications address in washington dc
click on research and then space physiology lab. the server wasn't responding previously
within this page, a resource for teachers includes:
STS-95
life sciences
http://www.lifesciences.nasa.gov/experiments.html
there's even a guy from BWH doing an expmt on this
mission!
explains, in very general terms, some of the effects
that occur
also gives some examples of experiments that will
be flown? my question: why is it called 95? what year
is this? one experiment refers to a previous trial occuring in a
mission dated april of 1998!?
course outlines by professors of SJSU, Stanford,
Louisiana State etc.
great thing: literature and journal links.
textbooks on space physiology etc
some graphs already drawn, some digital images,
some info, some photos of astronauts
okay to download if you agree to not-for-profit
use
american society for gravitational and space biology
life
and microgravity sciences
http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/olmsa/lifesci/physiology.htm
also a nasa page
medical
sciences division
http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/sa/sd/default.html
also a nasa page
space
med and physiology library at nasa
http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/sa/sd/library/sub1.htm
16) How should I link to NASA Spacelink from
my web page?
Please link to our main address (http://spacelink.nasa.gov)
and refer to us as "NASA Spacelink". If you
have the room to provide a short description we suggest the following:
NASA Spacelink - One of NASA's electronic resources
specifically developed for use by the educational
community. Spacelink is a comprehensive electronic library that contains
current and historical information related to
NASA's aeronautics and space research.
Here is the raw html code which you may copy and
paste for the above example:
<a href="http://spacelink.nasa.gov">NASA
Spacelink</a> - One of NASA's
electronic resources
specifically developed for use by the educational
community. Spacelink
is a comprehensive electronic library that contains
current information
related to NASA's aeronautics and space research.<p>
not too helpful yet. found some interesting stuff on how to be a flight surgeon, though
biomedical results data in the form of new books out:
space medicine in project mercury
1. heart
rate graph for 6 astronauts prior to take-off
2. physical
exam findings for 1 astronaut--compare simulated flight & real
one
3. blood
chemistry findings for 1 astronaut--compare centrigure & real flight
check out the glucose and norepi
Search Results from BIOMEDICAL RESULTS
OF APOLLO
green document means
good stuff there, working on it
orange document means
no good stuff there
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SKELETAL RESPONSE (Sec.3,Ch.7)
1. no mineral losses apollo
14 bones (table
1; table
2; table
3)
2. no mineral losses apollo
16 either (table
4)
3. a little more variation
with apollo 15 (prob. not signif) (table
8)
they compared mineral loss in wtlessness with mineral
loss during extended bedrest
excerpt "...The mean rate of mineral loss in the
os calcis was approximately 5 percent per month, in contrast to a whole
body calcium loss of 0.5 percent per month (Donaldson et al., 1970). Therefore,
the os calcis is not representative of all the bones in the body, and weight-bearing
bones are more inclined to lose mineral in the recumbent state than the
non-weight-bearing bones."
"there is a greater variation in the ulnar mineral
determinations, the cause of which is unknown."
"These data must be contrasted to the 7.8 and 10.3
percent losses in Gemini 4, 15.1 and 8.9 percent losses in Gemini 5, 7.0
percent loss for the LMP on Apollo 8, 5.4 percent loss for the CDR on Apollo
7 (table
13), and the reported losses of 6.6 and 7.3 percent for the CDR and
CMP of Apollo 15 (table
12). The 6.7 and 7.3 percent mineral losses for the 12-day mission
(Apollo 15) are in line with losses observed during the 18-day Soyuz 9
mission where there was no interlude of lunar gravity (1/6 g) (Biriukov
& Krasnykh, 1970)."
"During Gemini 7 when a metabolic balance technique
was used, the net calcium balance was distinctly less positive for both
crewmen (Lutwak et al., 1969). The mean urinary calcium increased during
the second week by 23 percent for the Command Pilot (CP) and 9 percent
for the Pilot (P), the latter not being significant. However, the changes
in calcium balance were appreciable. In addition to weightlessness, investigators
speculate that high oxygen atmosphere, low pressure, exercise, and dietary
protein reduction were factors that contributed in varying degrees to the
calcium balance changes in these two crewmen. "
"It is concluded that loss of mineral from bone
incident to periods of weightlessness is comparable to that observed in
bed rest subjects but that the magnitude is not severe. If these losses
were allowed to continue unabated for a prolonged period of time, the consequences
might be more serious because the losses are probably not confined to the
bones described. Because of either biological variability between subjects
or factors not yet identified, not all crewmen were similarly affected
during the ten-to twelve-day missions. These studies can be used to construct
a time-effect curve that can be compared with the bed restdata, thus permitting
a reasonable degree of prediction for longer space missions."
APOLLO FLIGHT CREW CARDIOVASCULAR EVALUATIONS (Sec.3,Ch.4)
mission
characteristics and orthostatic hypotension techniques employed
"Total mission duration varied from 143 to 302
hours; for the lunar landing missions, the length of crew time in 1/6 g
varied from 22 to 75 hours."
equipment: lbnp device and lb capstan garment
great question: why had controls?
"Control Subjects: To ensure comparability
of test conditions and operability of test equipment, several members of
the attending support team assigned to each Apollo mission participated
in preflight and postflight orthostatic evaluations identical to those
used on crewmembers. These control subjects were evaluated a day or two
before the Apollo crewmen were evaluated. The data collected helped ensure
the validity of postflight changes observed in space flight crewmembers
and the operational readiness of test teams and equipment."
heart
rate data, preflight and postflight for all the apollo astronauts (cont'd)
(cont'd
pt II)
crewmember
vs. control heart rate data
calf volume: "Seven of seventeen Apollo crewmembers
(41 percent) showed significantly decreased postflight calf volume changes
during the maximal [-50 mm Hg (-67 x 102 N/m2)] LBNP level, and the total
group mean also decreased from the preflight value, although not to a statistically
significant degree."
calf
circumference and leg volume data (cont'd)
body
weights: Significant body weight changes occurred in virtually
all astronauts regardless of flight duration. If a significant part of
the weight change is due to a reduction in blood volume or loss of
body fluids, cardiovascular function might be affected.
Consequently, weight changes were considered in conjunction with orthostatic
evaluations.
smaller
heart:
heart rate passive
stand test (graph)
HR
and BP for AP17CMP only
"It would be naive, however, to ascribe the cardiovascular
findings reported here to the effects of
weightlessness alone. The observed postflight cardiovascular
changes reflect the total effect of the environmental conditions encountered
by each crewman within a given space flight mission. In addition to
stresses of the weightless state, these conditions
included stresses of launch, inflight deviations from normal work and rest
cycles, variations in duration and magnitude of lunar activity, changes
in diet, and stresses of entry, splashdown, and recovery. Unfortunately,
the relative contribution of each of these environmental conditions cannot
be established." "Significant postflight changes in cardiovascular measurements
have
included elevated resting and orthostatically stressed
heart rate, similar but reciprocal decreases in stroke volume, and decreases
in pulse pressure during orthostatic stress caused almost exclusively by
decreases in systolic blood pressure. These changes
are characteristic of decreased orthostatic tolerance. In addition, several
presyncopal episodes occurred postflight during orthostatic stress. To
properly assess the postflight decrease in crew orthostatic tolerance,
however, one must consider the set of variables that existed during the
recovery period." Certain relationships suggest that all the factors listed
contributed
significantly. A positive, though statistically
insignificant, correlation (r = 0.27) exists between change (preflight
to postflight) in resting heart rate and change in oral temperature (figure
5). Also, there is a significant positive correlation (r = 0.52) between
postflight chance in orthostatically stressed heart
rate and postflight change in resting heart rate
(figure
6)
Weight loss was a universal finding among Apollo
flight crews, but
the cause and the specific body tissues involved
are not readily
apparent. A positive correlation between weight
loss and chance in
total blood volume (r = 0.77) was obtained from
Apollo data. Fluid
losses or changes, however, did not fully explain
the weight loss.
like this chapter
more correlation graphs
more tables
explore this one further>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
In summary, postflight orthostatic evaluations during
the Apollo
Program appear to indicate that reduction in orthostatic
tolerance is
a consequence of space flight exposure. Heart rate,
the most reliable
index, was increased, while systolic and pulse
pressures were
decreased during immediate postflight evaluations
using lower body
negative pressure and passive standing, as the
orthostatic stress.
Body weight, resting calf girth,
supine leg volume, and cardiothoracic ratios were
all diminished
immediately postflight, and return to preflight
values was not
complete within the postflight testing time frame.
NUTRITIONAL STUDIES (Sec.3,Ch.6)
CLINICAL ASPECTS OF CREW HEALTH (Sec.2,Ch.1)
what did the astronauts have
to know about medical physiology?
here it is:
Medical Training
To perform their inflight tasks optimally, Apollo
crewmen required an understanding of the interaction of space flight stresses
and their effects on the human organism, including
the manner in which the body adapts to space flight factors. Further, these
crewmen had to recognize any abnormalities in their
health status and understand the therapeutic measures which might have
been prescribed for inflight problems. Medical
training began shortly after astronaut selection with a series of lectures
concerned with space flight physiology and therapeutics.
The curriculum encompassed about 16 hours of didactic instruction
provided by experts in each area. The principal
elements were as follows:
Cardiovascular System. Brief outline of anatomy
and physiology, methods of observing and monitoring cardiac activity,
system response to acceleration, weightlessness,
work and other stresses, functional testing, such as tilt table, lower
body
negative pressure, bicycle and treadmill systems.
Pulmonary System. Brief outline of anatomy and physiology,
pulmonary function, gas exchange, problems related to hypo-
and hyperbaric environments, physiologic limits
of spacecraft atmospheres, contemplated atmospheres for future vehicles,
respiratory response to acceleration, weightlessness
and work, physical conditioning and testing, respiratory capacity.
Hematology and Laboratory Medicine. Review of Mercury
and Gemini findings involving blood elements and chemistries,
review of programs scheduled for Apollo and Skylab
Programs, illustration of the need to establish good baseline data,
controls, and possible expansion of the present
program.
The Role of Psychiatry in Crew Selection. Crew and
dependents support, personal considerations of long term
confinement, group dynamics, and responses to various
stresses encountered in flight and on the ground.
Description of Vestibular System. Its function and
equilibrium, and testing thereof, response of the vestibular system to
acceleration, weightlessness, flight experiments
in Gemini, and planning for Apollo and Skylab Programs.
Visual System. Brief description of anatomy and
physiology, relationships to other sensory organs, effects of acceleration
and
weightlessness on eye and visual system, problems
in space, such as light, ultraviolet trauma, high closing speeds, and depth
perception without reference points.
......
In summary, the twenty-nine Apollo astronauts accumulated
7506 hours of space flight experience without encountering any
major medical problems. Perhaps the most significant
postflight medical finding of Apollo was the absence of any pathology
attributable to space flight exposure. Those physiological
changes which did occur were all reversible within a two- to
three-day period, with the exception of the Apollo
15 crew which required two weeks for complete return to preflight
baselines. The most important physiological changes
observed were cardiovascular deconditioning, reduction of red blood cell
mass, and musculoskeletal deterioration. Since
all medical objectives of the Apollo Program were successfully achieved,
a
sound medical basis existed for committing man
to the prolonged space flight exposure of Skylab.
ENDOCRINE, ELECTROLYTE, AND FLUID VOLUME CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH APOLLO MISSIONS (Sec.3,Ch.1)
schedule of measurements
just started this one>>>>>>>>>
POTABLE WATER SUPPLY (Sec.6,Ch.4)
bacteria in water may be interesting (which died, which survived etc)
MICROBIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS (Sec.2,Ch.2)
APOLLO FOOD TECHNOLOGY (Sec.6,Ch.1)
menus available, some pictures of foods etc
APOLLO LIGHT FLASH INVESTIGATIONS (Sec.4,Ch.2)
THE APOLLO 17 POCKET MOUSE EXPERIMENT (BIOCORE) (Sec.4,Ch.4)
normal biochem values for astronauts: table
significant differences postflight table:
only
up or down
same for urine: only
up or down
APOLLO COMMAND AND SERVICE MODULE AND LUNAR MODULE ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL SYSTEMS (Sec.6,Ch.5)
THE APOLLO 16 MICROBIAL RESPONSE TO SPACE ENVIRONMENT EXPERIMENT (Sec.4,Ch.3)
APOLLO FLIGHT CREW VESTIBULAR ASSESSMENT (Sec.3,Ch.8)
METABOLISM AND HEAT DISSIPATION DURING APOLLO EVA PERIODS (Sec.2,Ch.4)
EXERCISE RESPONSE (Sec.3,Ch.5)
THE ROLE OF TOXICOLOGY IN THE APOLLO SPACE PROGRAM (Sec.2,Ch.7)
EXTRAVEHICULAR MOBILITY UNIT (Sec.6,Ch.6)
WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (Sec.6,Ch.2)
QUARANTINE TESTING AND BIOCHARACTERIZATION OF LUNAR MATERIALS (Sec.5,Ch.2)
FLIGHT CREW HEALTH STABILIZATION PROGRAM (Sec.2,Ch.6)
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS (Sec.7,Ch.1)
significant biomedical findings
in gemini
then significant findings of apollo discussed by
area (ex: vestibular, cv, nutrition etc) GREAT!
significant biomedical findings
in apollo
RADIATION PROTECTION AND INSTRUMENTATION (Sec.2,Ch.3)
BIOSTACK--A STUDY OF THE BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF HZE GALACTIC COSMIC RADIATION (Sec.4,Ch.1)
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS (Sec.2,Ch.5)
Cover
APOLLO MISSIONS (Sec.1,Ch.2)
table
of crews, landing sites, missions, durations etc
command module, service module, lunar module explained.
so are rovers, portable life support syst etc
goes through each one of the missions
then concludes with:
The Apollo Lunar Landing Program spanned a seven-year period and included seventeen missions. The 29 astronauts who flew in the Program spent a total of 7506 hours in flight. Twelve of them were placed on the moon for a total of more than four man-weeks and all were returned safety to Earth. The Apollo Program is viewed as one of the greatest scientific and engineering successes of man, a national event which held the attention of millions of people in this country and the world, and required the development of new and complex equipment ranging from the spacecraft itself to the tools and clothing used by the crewmen. The Program made it possible to gather lunar material that has begun to disclose clues about the origin of our solar system. And, at last, we were certain that no life exists on the moon. The Apollo Program established that the psychological and physiological effects of the space environment on man were not at all as severe as had been predicted by some scientists. But, perhaps the greatest significance of the Apollo Program lies in the fact that it provided information that will assist scientists and engineers in developing the biomedical and technical support necessary for man to venture still further into the solar system.
Introduction (Sec.1,Ch.1)
biomedical
results from skylab
REFERENCES TO CHECK OUT
